References

Schiappa, E.“The Transgender Exigency:  Defining Sex and Gender in the 21st Century”.  Routledge, December 8, 2021.   

Senefeld, J.W., Hunter, S.K., Coleman, D.L. and Joyner, M.J.“Transgender Swimmer in College AthleticsmedRxiv.org, January 1, 2022.  Note:  This article is a preprint and has not been certified by peer review. It reports new medical research that has yet to be evaluated and so should not be used to guide clinical practice.

Pike, J, Hilton, E. and L. Howe.  “Male and Female Athletic Performance:  Worlds Apart.” Quillette.com, December 11, 2021.

Women’s Sports Policy Working Group. “Briefing Book: A Request to Congress and the Administration to Preserve Girls’ and Women’s Sport & Accommodate Transgender Athletes.” WomensSportsPolicy.org, February 27, 2021.

“The Role of Testosterone in Athletic Performance.”  Experts statement by 41 of the world’s leading international authorities in the field, January, 2019.

Hilton, E.“Dr. Emma Hilton reviews the science supporting the IOC decision to let male-born transgender athletes into female competition”.  FairPlayForWomen.com, July 14, 2019.   

Australia Human Rights Commission.  “Guidelines for the inclusion of transgender and gender diverse people in sport.” HumanRights.gov.au, June, 2019.

Coleman, D.L, Joyner, M.J. and Lopiano, D.A. “Re-Affirming the Value of the Sports Exception to Title IX’s General Non-Discrimination Rule.” Duke Journal of Gender Law & Policy, March, 2020.

Coleman, D.L. “Sex, Sport, and Why Track and Field’s New Rules on Intersex Athletes Are Essential.” The New York Times, April 30, 2018.

Harper, J., O’Donnell, E., Sorouri Khorashad, B., et al.  “How does hormone transition in transgender women change body composition, muscle strength and haemoglobin?  Systematic review with a focus on the implications for sport participation.”  British Journal of Sports Medicine, March 1, 2021.

Hoge, C., Pirruccio, K. et al., (2021)  “Rising Trends in Wrestling-associated Injuries in Females Presenting to US Emergency Departments.” Western J. of Emergency Medicine:  Integrating Emergency Care with Population Health.  Vol. 22, Issue 2.

Women’s Sports Foundation.  “Girls and Boys Competing With and Against Each Other in Sports and Physical Activity Settings.”  WomensSportsFoundation.org, August 14, 2019.